Effective and Automated Simulation of Multistage Cold-Forging Operations through Integrated 2D and 3D Analytical Technique A five-stage cold-forging sequence serves as a representative example of multistage automatic forging operations. This sequence includes four axisymmetric forging stages followed by a non-axisymmetric stage, integrating piercing and heading processes along with folding and overlapping. This article emphasizes the…

Unexpected failures of screws can lead to significant damage and high costs for the final product. One potential cause of these failures is hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) refers to the irreversible loss of ductility in a metal or alloy due to the infiltration of hydrogen atoms into its structure.   This condition, when combined…